What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication that occurs primarily in individuals with type 1 diabetes, but it can also occur in type 2 diabetes, particularly during periods of significant stress or illness. This condition is marked by several key features: the presence of high blood sugar levels, the accumulation of ketones in the urine, and a state of acidosis in the bloodstream.

High blood sugar occurs when insulin is insufficient for glucose uptake into the cells, leading to elevated levels of glucose in the blood. When the body is unable to utilize glucose for energy due to a lack of insulin, it begins to break down fat for fuel, resulting in the production of ketones. As ketones build up in the bloodstream, they can lead to metabolic acidosis, which is a dangerous state that can result in severe health complications if not treated promptly.

The clinical presentation of DKA often includes symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, and altered mental status. The presence of ketones and acidosis can be confirmed through laboratory tests, making this condition distinct among diabetes-related emergencies. Timely recognition and treatment of DKA are crucial to prevent life-threatening outcomes.